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=**MOBILE LEARNING** =

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Introduction - Melinda ===== ==**What is Mobile Learning?** == Learning (informal/formal) facilitated by mobile technology outside of the classroom context. Mobile learning acknowledges that "learning flows across locations, times, topics and technologies" (Sharples, et al, 2007).

"Mobile learning is the point at which mobile computing and electronic learning intersect to produce an anytime, anywhere learning experience" (Leung & Chang 2003).

"Mobile Learning commonly refered to as, MLearning, is a form of e-learning that specifically employs wireless communications devices to deliver content and learning support" (Muyinda, 2007, p.97).

"Mobile is a rapidly developing sector. According to some [|projections], mobile internet usage will overtake desktop usage before 2015". (O'Dell, 2011). Check out this infographic here: @http://mashable.com/2011/03/23/mobile-by-the-numbers-infogrpahic/

Mobiles offer ubiquitous access, "anywhere anytime" learning opportunities by offering Internet access that is "it is a pervasive, ever-present entity, accessible from anywhere there is a cell signal." (Johnson et al, 2011).

"... our audiences increasingly expect information and experiences on demand, where and whenever they are, the market is growing for mobile content about Museums" (Burnett et al, 2011)

"The mobile phone has found a place as permanent companion of the poor and the rich....It is a necessary device of life" (Muyinda, 2007, p.98).

"The world is dynamic...Learning will move more and more outside of the classroom and into the learner's environments, both real and virtual and the MLearning is well positioned to champion these innovations" (Muyinda, 2007, p.102).

In the global economy MLearning will assist in maintaining a competitive advantage. "It provides access to learning during previously unproductive times, it allows controlled learning in contextual situations, and provides greater options for teachers to observe and assist in independent learning" (Muyinda, 2007, p.103).


==**Obstacles to/Considerations for Mobile Learning** == <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Inadequate technology (User/Provider) - Susan** <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Mobile phone tours can reach the widest audience but are subject to mobile network coverage within the Museum. Smartphones support the richest media and functionality, but are still only carried by a limited sector of a Museum's visitor base (Burnett et al, 2011). <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"User interfaces on mobile devices are relatively simple, but each manufacturer has a different interface ... mobile phones have a product life cycle of 12 months or less" (Kulkulska-Hulme, 2007)

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"Technical problems such as bandwidth may appear to be addressed-until a new tool requiring yet more bandwidth is introduced"(Bhati et al, 2009, p.6).

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Maintaining new technologies. "Some tools used for educational purposes were not originally built or intended for educational use, and some need to be adapted to make them usable....This adaptation process may in itself be a barrier if it requires new technology or new approaches to pedagogies for no obvious education return" (Bhati et al, 2009, p.6).

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Ball State University, Indiana, US identified reliability of technology, knowledge of how to use technology, difficulty in using technology and difficulty in learning to use technology as barriers to the adoption of technology. (Bhati et al, 2009, p.7)

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Unreliable network/IT infrastructure. Bandwidth constraints that drastically impact uploading/downloading speed. Blocking of innovative learning tools due to firewalls and network security. (Bhati et al, 2009, p.7).

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"Resource intensive events have tended to drain battery life" (Bhati et al, 2009, p.9).

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"Mobile devices have limited storage capacities and batteries have to be charged regularly. Data can be lost if it is not done correctly" (Mason & Rennie, 2008, p.118).

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"The frantic speed of mobile technology development can render some mobile learning approaches redundant during the life of the research project" (Bhati et al, 2009, p.9).

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Security & Privacy - Callan** <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">There are issues surrounding the new abilities for parents to closely monitor their child's activities. The use of play and leisure is becoming more closely linked to school activities, such as the use of social networking sites, or the use of sites such as MyLifeBits - which ask students to record and reflect on their everyday experiences. This can provide valuable life-long learning experiences and teaches critical reflection, but also blurs that line between students' leisure and their school, especially if aspects of students' personal life are being recorded and assessed. Is this a vision of childhood without privacy, further exemplified by the development of technology that allows parents to track their child's movements (Sharples et al. 2005, p. 5)

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">*Issue of education students to be smart online citizens*

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Content** (Repurposing old content or creating completely new?) **- Feel free tp pull into other sections.** <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Need to consider intended audience (visitors, researchers, casual browsers etc), where (before, during or after a visit, in transit, in museum, in classroom), where it will be distributed (marketing campaign, social media networks, museum website, affiliate websites), who is producing it and who participates in production (curators, educators, consultants etc)? (Burnett et al, 2011). <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">The user experience - for broad and long-term adoption, it matters! <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"...noise or other distraction in contextualised situations...the use of headsets have led to an experience of isolation" (Bhati et al, 2009, p.9). <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"...mobility affects the learning experience....smaller screens and keyboards on mobile tools mean content is broken into ever-smaller chunks, and the oppotunity for the creation of longer reflective texts is impossible" (Bhati et al, 2009, p.10).

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Change Management - Callan** <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Staffing required to produce content and to provide, maintain and protect devices for visitors who do not have or wish to use their own - who is responsible for this? (Burnett et al, 2011) Change management required!

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">There is definite reluctance from teachers in a high school environment. Although the wider organisations are supportive of the use of technology in class, and the use of mobile technology inside/outside of the class environment, there is very little support or structure to help this transition. In my experiences, the DER laptops have often been used as little more than a note taking or web-browsing tool. (Callan)

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"As teachers and educators attempt tto balance pedagogy with new technology, they are also faced with the challenge of managing the adnministrative part of the online delivery tools along with content, pedagogical, and practical knowledge" (Bhati et al, 2009, P.6).

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"Teachers doubt the possibility of retaining the essence of the learning content while intergrating a technology for online pedagogy" (Bhati et al, 2009, p.7).

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">There is a gap between generations of learners here - what Prensky would label digital natives and digital immigrants (need reference). The digital immigrants are having trouble relating content and teaching it in a way that engages the new generation. This also relates to institutional reluctance and to lack of funding devoted to training and development.

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Funding - Melinda** <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">New content, new costs: content development, production, publishing for different platforms, hardware (in-Museum), marketing/sales/distribution, analytics & evaluation (Burnett et al, 2011) - how do we fund these?

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Perhaps through sustainable business models? Omnibus/Freemium (free content supported by paid premium content/in-app purchases); Sponsorship, Advertising supported; Membership benefits; Donations (large and micro-donations)? (Burnett et al, 2011)

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Is enough funding being devoted to Training & Development? (Need to research)

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">"High costs of procuring, installing and maintaining new technologies" (Bhati et al, 2009, p.7).

<span style="font-size: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**REFERENCES**
<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Burnett, A., Cherry, R., Proctor, N., Samis, P. 2011. "Getting On (not Under) the Mobile 2.0 Bus: Emerging Issues in the Mobile Business Model", //Museums and the Web: Proceedings//. Toronto: Archives & Museum Informatics. Published March 31, 2011, Available at: <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; url(http: //www.wikispaces.com/i/a.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; cursor: pointer; padding-right: 10px;">@http://conference.archimuse.com/mw2011/papers/getting_on_not_under_the_mobile_20_bus, accessed 27 April 2011.

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Bhati, N., Mercer, S., Rankin, K., Thomas, B. 2009. "Barriers and Facilitators to the Adoption of Tools for Online Pedagogy"//International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning,// Vol. 5, no. 3, pp.5-19.

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Johnson, L., Smith, R., Willis, H., Levine, A., and Haywood, K., 2011. //The 2011 Horizon Report//. Austin, Texas: The New Media Consortium.

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Kessler, S. 2011. "Mobile By The Numbers [INFOGRAPHIC], //Mashable//, Available at <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; url(http: //www.wikispaces.com/i/a.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; cursor: pointer; padding-right: 10px;">[], accessed 19 April 2011.

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Kukulska-Hulme, A. 2007. "Mobile usability in Educational Contexts: What have we learnt?" //International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning//, Volume 8, Number 2. Published June 2007.

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Leung, C. & Chan, Y. 2003, //"//Mobile learning: a new paradigm in electronic learning", available at http://matheasy.webstarts.com/uploads/Mobile_Learning_A_New_Paradigm_in_Electronic_Learning.pdf.

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Mason, R. & Rennie, F. 2008. //E-learning and Social Networking Handbook: Resources for Higher Education//. Routledge, New York.

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Muyinda, P.B. "MLearning: pedagogical, technical and organisational hypes and realities", //Emerald.// Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 97-104.

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">O'Dell, J. 2011. "New Study Shows The Mobile Web Will Rule by 2015 [STATS]", Mashable, Available at:<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; url(http: //www.wikispaces.com/i/a.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; cursor: pointer; padding-right: 10px;">[], accessed 19 April 2011.

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Sharples, M., Sánchez, I. A., Milrad, M. & Vavoula, G. 2005. "Towards a theory of mobile learning". Nottingham: Kaleidoscope Network of Excellence, Mobile Learning Initiative. <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">http://www.lsri.nottingham.ac.uk/msh/Papers/Towards%20a%20theory%20of%20mobile%20learning.pdf

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Sharples, M., Sánchez, I. A., Milrad, M. & Vavoula, G. 2007. "Mobile Learning: Small devices, Big Issues". Nottingham: Kaleidoscope Network of Excellence, Mobile Learning Initiative.

==<span style="font-size: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**<span style="font-size: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**EXTRA READINGS (NOT YET REFERENCED)** ** == <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Atwell, G. 2007, The personal learning environments - the future of eLearning http://www.elearningpapers.eu/index.php?page=doc&doc_id=8553&doclng=6&vol=2

<span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Cobcroft, R., Towers, S., Smith, J. & Bruns, A. 2006, "Mobile learning in review: opportunities and challenges for learners, teachers, and institutions" in //Proceedings Online Learning and Teaching (OLT) Conference 2006, pp. 21-30,// Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane. Accessed from http://eprints.qut.edu.au